Dna Replication Essay examples - 2166 Words

DNA REPLICATION WHAT IS DNA? DNA is a molecule that has a repeating chain of identical five-carbon sugars (polymers) linked together from head to tail. It is composed of four ring shaped organic bases (nucleotides) which are Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C) and Thymine (T). It has a double helix shape and contains the sugar component deoxyribose. THE PROCESS OF DNA REPLICATION How DNA replicates is quite a simple process. First, a DNA molecule is â€Å"unzipped†. In other words, it splits into two strands of DNA at one end of the DNA molecule. This separation will cause a formation of a replication fork. After the replication fork has been established the strands of DNA are ready for the next stage. On each strand is a sequence†¦show more content†¦amp;#61623; The first discovery Chagraff made was that the amount of adenine present in all DNA molecules is equal to the amount of thymine. amp;#61623; The second discovery Chagraff made was that the amount of guanine was equal to the amount of cytosine. amp;#61623; The third discovery Chagraff made was that the amount of adenine plus thymine often differs greatly from the amount of guanine plus cytosine. HOW THE IMAGE OF DNA WAS FIRST DISCOVERED After Chagraff’s discoveries, two British scientists by the name Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkens were able to apply his observations. Thus, these two scientists were the first ones to discover the image of what a DNA molecule actually looked like in three-dimension. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;How these scientists manage to obtain the image of a DNA molecule was by the use of â€Å"x-ray crystallographic analysis†. In this process, DNA molecules are bombarded with a x-ray beam. These x-rays encounter atoms, which in turn causes their paths to bent or diffract. The pattern created by the sum of total of these diffractions are then captured on a photographic film. The pattern is then interpreted into the image of the molecule through careful analysis. Thus, because of this research it led to the first theory and model structure of DNA. MAURICE WILKENS nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Maurice Wilkens was born in the year 1916 and is a BritishShow MoreRelatedDna Replication And The Cell Cycle1226 Words   |  5 Pagesthe division of cells is DNA replication. Without DNA replication, the new cells wouldn’t have DNA. So why is DNA so important? DNA is the basic blueprint of life, and it serves to tell the cells what to do, and what proteins to code for. Let’s take a deeper look into Bobby’s cell to see what fascinating events happens during DNA replication. DNA Replication The Cell Cycle Before Bobby’s cells enter the the stage of mitosis to divide, it goes through DNA replication. This process occurs in theRead MoreThe Cell Cycle And Dna Replication1690 Words   |  7 Pageswhich a cell passes this DNA sequence onto other cells, are DNA replication and mitosis. The cell cycle is inclusive of mitosis and DNA replication, the latter of which occurs in the S phase (synthesis) of the cycle. The goal of the S phase is to create two identical semi-conservative chromosomes. The enzyme helicase unwinds the parental DNA double helix strand and uses it as a template so the enzyme DNA polymerase can attach free-floating nucleotides to the separate DNA ‘daughter’ strands usingRead MoreDna Replication And Its Effect On The Development Of Mutations1129 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction: DNA replication is one of the fundamental processes involved with the central dogma and is instrumental in the development of mutations, alternations and others changes that allow the process of evolution to operate and proceed leading to the biodiversity. In the process proposed by Watson and Crick (1953), the double helix unwinds to expose the bases in each strand of the DNA , where each of the two separate strands act as the template or molecular mould for the synthesis of a newRead MoreWhat Does It Mean For Dna Replication?991 Words   |  4 Pagesit mean for DNA replication to be semi- conservative? Semiconservative replication means during DNA replication each DNA strand is used to make new template of DNA from the 2 parental strands of DNA (Thompson, Part 1: DNA Replication, 2014). During this replication is to ensure that the newly replicated cells have the same full set of DNA as the parent cells so the sequence will continue to work properly (Thompson, Part 1: DNA Replication, 2014). During the process of DNA replication, the strandsRead MoreOrigin Of Replication Is The Starting Point Of Dna Replication Essay1729 Words   |  7 PagesExam 2 - Tao Xu (Nov-9-2016) Origin of replication is the starting point of DNA replication. It cannot replicate in the host cells without this site. Antibiotic resistance gene can be served as a select agent to find the right clone and then improve the plasmid transformation efficiency. Antibiotic resistance gene can also give the bacteria a pressure to have the plasmid, because the bacteria would use more energy to replicate both the plasmid and its own DNA. (1) The protein needs complex eukaryoticRead MoreThe Replication Of Dna By Escherichia Coli Essay1479 Words   |  6 Pages 1958) includes a groundbreaking development into further understanding of DNA Replication. On pages 671 – 682 is an article titled â€Å"The Replication of DNA in Escherichia Coli†. Meselson and Stahl conducted an experiment to understand how DNA self-replicates by the use of Bacterial transformation to clone parental DNA. In the article, Meselson and Stahl investigate the distribution between the parental and daughter DNA molecules. This is achieved by the use of Radio Isotopic labelling. UniformRead More The Process of DNA Replication Essay487 Words   |  2 PagesProcess of DNA Replication nbsp; The process of DNA replication plays a crucial role in providing genetic continuity from one generation to the next. Knowledge of the structure of DNA began with the discovery of nucleic acids in 1869. In 1952, an accurate model of the DNA molecule was presented, thanks to the work of Rosalind Franklin, James Watson, and Francis Crick. To reproduce, a cell must copy and transmit its genetic information (DNA) to all of its progeny. To do so, DNA replicatesRead MoreExamination Of Cell Division And Dna Replication956 Words   |  4 PagesThe experiments of the past week allowed examination of cell division and DNA replication, the processes by which cells carry out important functions. It is important to have an understanding of these processes in order to have an understanding of biology. These most small occurrences are the basis for life in all cells. Without division and DNA replication, organism could not grow and carry out complex tasks, such as metabolism. In addition, natu ral selection can only occur where genetic variationRead MoreDna Rna And : Dna Replication1735 Words   |  7 Pages1. The process where a cell passed its DNA sequence onto another cell is known as DNA replication. This process usually took place in the S phase cell cycle through mitosis where the copy of DNA molecule are segregated and cytoplasm open up leading to cell division. In order for the process to happen, an enzyme helicase must hack the hydrogen bond where the DNA â€Å"unzip† and â€Å"unwind† to establish two open template. DNA polymerase then replace the RNA primer by adding new complementary nucleotides to

The Influence Of Personal Experiences In Emily Dickinsons...

The Influence of Personal Experiences In Emily Dickinsons Poetry nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;None of Emily Dickinsons readers has met the woman who lived and died in Amherst, Massachusetts more than a century ago, yet most of those same readers feel as if they know her closely. Her reclusive life made understanding her quite difficult. However, taking a close look at her verses, one can learn a great deal about this remarkable woman. The poetry of Emily Dickinson delves deep into her mind, exposing her personal experiences and their influence on her thoughts about religion, love, and death. By examining her life some, and reading her poetry in a certain light, one can see an obvious autobiographical connection.†¦show more content†¦nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;No quandary in life presented Emily Dickinson with such wrenching choices as the demand for conversion. Her doubts tempted her to rebel against God, but her needs drove her toward faith in Him. Neither stance could overcome the other, and neither could be reconciled. Emotionally, she lacked a direction of beliefs, however there was one thing she was sure of - God existed. â€Å"Reason convinced her that there must be such a Being as God; and as to Gods existence she seems never to have wavered† (Wolff 84). Believing that He was there only gave her something solid to forsake. In a letter to her friend once she wrote, â€Å" ...and I am standing alone in rebellion, and growing very careless...† (Sewall 375). However, it was only when she had achieved complete poetic independence that she could confidently write in open defiance of God:nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;I reckon - when I count at all - nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;First - Poets - Then the Sun nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Then Summer - Then the Heaven of God - nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;And then - the List is done - nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;But, looking back - the First so seemsShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Angelou s I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings984 Words   |  4 Pagesespecially in the world of literature—poetry, to be more specific. Two names come to mind when thinking of great female poets: Maya Angelou and Emily Dickinson. Even thought both of these women we’re outstanding poets, they had quite different styles of writing due to the difference in time periods, experiences, and culture. As time goes by, society is influenced in different ways due to human evolution. This was true for both Maya Angelou and Emily Dickinson. Maya Angelou was born April 4, 1928Read MoreEmily Dickinson : A Lover Of Nature1384 Words   |  6 PagesEmily Dickinson: a Lover of Nature Uplifting, longing, and passionate are all feelings that a reader will recognize when he reads one of Emily Dickinson’s poems. When talking about nature, Dickinson uses emotional and exceptional diction to describe what she feels. In her poems, she uses the theme of nature to give her poems a certain feeling that makes the reader never forget about it. Although some critics think that her work expresses her fears, actually Emily Dickinson expresses her unique loveRead MoreEmily Dickinson And Stopping By Woods On A Snowy Evening1772 Words   |  8 Pages One prevalent theme in poetry is that of death, which is present in both â€Å"Because I Could Not Stop for Death† by Emily Dickinson and â€Å"Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening† by Robert Frost. Dickinson perceives death as a gentleman, while Frost perceives death as loneliness, which provides insight on how the time periods of the poems, the genders of the authors, and the authors’ personal experienc es influence literature. A major factor of Emily Dickinson’s style of poetry is the time period in whichRead More Emily Dickinsons Poetry About Death Essay572 Words   |  3 PagesEmily Dickinsons Poetry About Death Emily Dickinsons Poems about death grew out of her reactions to the tragic events in her personal life. In three of her poems, her style of writing reflects her way of life. I heard a Fly buzz when I died, My life closed twice before its close and I felt a Funeral in my brain all reflect on Dickinsons feelings and emotions towards death. In I felt a funeral in my Brain, Dickinson describes her own funeral in perfect detail. As if sheRead MoreLife Influences On Emily Dickenson s Work1315 Words   |  6 PagesJuwan Adams Mrs. Bales Eng. Comp II 22 April, 2016 Life Influences on Emily Dickenson’s Work A poem is a piece of writing that partakes of the nature of both speech and song that is nearly always rhythmical, usually metaphorical, and often exhibits such formal elements as meter, rhyme, and stanzaic structure. Emily Dickinson, a very established poet of the nineteenth-century, used this style of writing to express feelings toward religion, love, and death. All of her inspiration came from theseRead MoreEmily Dickinson Essay1254 Words   |  6 PagesEmily Dickinson Emily Dickinson was born on December 10, 1830 in the community of Amherst, Massachusetts. She was the second daughter of Edward and Emily Norcross Dickinson. Emily, her brother Austin, and her sister Lavinia were brought up and nurtured in a quiet reserved household headed by their father Edward. Throughout her life, her mother was not always around, or accessible, a fact that is said to have caused Emily’s eccentricity. They were raised in Puritanical Massachusetts,Read MoreAnalysis Of This Is My Letter To The World By Emily Dickinson1474 Words   |  6 Pagesattempt to isolate herself from the world and focus on her writing, Dickinson locked herself in a room of her father’s house, cutting off most contact she had with the outside world. While the ability to concentrate on her poems is a benefit she gained from this,she did so because of her insecurities and mental illness. As stated in a work of criticism, â€Å"Perhaps any artist’s biggest fear is to h ave one’s work rejected or ignored. Dickinson ends this poem with perhaps the same fear, evident in the formRead MoreEmily Dickinson Poetry Analysis1154 Words   |  5 Pagesreads one of Emily Dickinson’s poems. When talking about nature, Dickinson uses emotional and exceptional diction to describe what she feels. In her poems, she uses the theme of nature to give her poems a certain feeling that makes the reader never forget about it. Although some critics think that her work expresses her fears, actually Emily Dickinson expresses her unique love for nature that gives her poems an uplifting, longing, and passionate feel that make the reader want to experience the same.Read MoreWhat Made Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson Part of the Romantic Movement?745 Words   |  3 Pages What Made Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson Part of the Romantic Movement? The Romantic Movement, or period, was from the year 1828 to about 1865. The main feature of the American Romantic period was the celebration and praise of individualism. This time is also considered to be the first period of genuine American creativity. Emotion, instead of reason, became the largest source of inspiration and creativity during this period. All of this was a reaction to all of the constraints that wereRead More Writing Techniques of Emily Dickinson Essay2110 Words   |  9 Pages Emily Dickinson is one of the most interesting female poets of the nineteenth century. Every author has unique characteristics about him/her that make one poet different from another, but what cause Emily Dickinson to be so unique are not only the words she writes, but how she writes them. Her style of writing is in a category of its own. To understand how and why she writes the way she does, her background has to be brought into perspective. Every poet has inspiration, negativ e or

How the American Legal System and Business is impacted Free Essays

1. Introduction This paper seeks to examine the economical effect, if any, upon what the legal system requires of business in America, from a sole proprietor, to a corporation. The paper will also have to look at the costs imposed on operating a business for obtaining a business license, advertising, filing fees paid to the State, and all such costs and within a State, City, and County. We will write a custom essay sample on How the American Legal System and Business is impacted or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2. Analysis and Discussion The conduct of any business in any part of the world is regulated by the government and therefore business activities are governed by laws locally and on the state level. As to why the government impost cost to conducting business is based on basically two state powers, which are the police power (Lee, 1973) and the power of taxation.   In regulating the business entities and the latter are activities, the government has the best of intentions of promoting public welfare. Hence, under the local level of government, there can be imposed local permits fees and license fees that must be paid by business operators whenever these entities are sole proprietorship, partnership or corporations are to start in operating their business.     Ã‚  Since these fees are being imposes to recover the cost of government in allowing the conduct of business, such power of the state from local to national is being imposed by the exercise of police power of the state by the local level government. Being therefore cost of regulation, the amount of cost is rather fixed and rates may be more or less the same for the group of similar type of business industry. Still pursuant to the police power of the state, the government enforces the laws of business and administers justice where business entities complain of violations of commercial laws. To illustrate the point, business entities enter into contracts and in certain cases it could happen there could refusal to comply with the obligations created out of contracts.   The parties cannot put the law into their hands, thus there must be a court systems that must settle the issues between the parties.   One may therefore clearly see the relevance of the legal system which is part of doing business.   Since legal system entails services rendered by government, it should not be a surprise when government courts require the payment of filing fees as cost of pursuing justice on the part of business entities. But since government does not only interfere from the local level but also at state level, another form of charges are imposed under the state’s power of taxation.   Since the power of taxation (Goode, 1951) involves the revenue generating power of the government, the government may impose several forms of taxes such as income taxes and value added tax. Income tax (Goode; 1976; Smith, et. al, 1958) is a tax based on the financial earning capacity of the business entities, which may include sole proprietorship, partnership and corporation. Under this kind of taxation, the state is charging taxes on the basis of an assumed obligation of the taxpayer-entities to the state in return for the service given by the state to the business entities in the form of security and protection and other services by reason for its being a government that needs funds to defray its expenses. Another form of taxation which may also be imposed by the local levels of government if provided in their city charters, are the business taxation. This may take the form of sales tax or the more familiar business taxes. As distinguish from income taxation, business taxation, charges the taxpayer for having been given the privilege of operating a business. Such kind of taxes is normally based on the amount of gross receipts, or sales revenues as basis for output tax but subject to certain deductions for claims like input taxes to reduce the taxes payable to the government. Surely the effect of these charges economically could just be huge that could affect the operation of doing business. Since business entities operate under the idea of being profitable to be able to recover cost expended in business, the amount of taxes, charges and licenses should not be too prohibitive as to discourage business from doing business. This might be apparent for business taxes in the form of excise tax (Fossen, 2002) on cigarettes and wines or the so called ‘sin taxes’. This kind of taxes are also in the nature of excise taxes and therefore part of the business taxes like the sales tax or value added tax. It may be observed that the higher amount of taxes imposed on certain taxes like ‘sin taxes’ manifests the intention of the government to control the consumption of said good because these products may not be essentially be good to people because of health effects. To illustrate the point, the government prohibiting smoking in public place may have already prohibited TV advertising of the industry’ products because of the effect of the industry on public health only that the government cannot completely ban the sale of these products. Hence, being tied with its hands to limit production without violating the laws of commerce, the government resort to higher taxes to discourage consumption. 3. Conclusion It may be concluded that there are indeed effects of the legal system on how the business entities operates in a certain place.   To such the extent of these economic effects must be viewed in the context of the objective of governments in terms of its paramount purpose of encouraging entrepreneurship while ensuring compliance with laws that are conducive to protecting the life, health, employment and other need of its people. Since business entities could not be avoiding this government interference on business operations, they may just as well comply since these laws are also meant to protect them. Without regulation there could be chaos in society as privileges to operate business could be subject to abuse. Imposing charges to regulate is therefore justified in the exercise of the police power of the state. On the other hand, it is necessary to emphasize that governments also need to defray its expenses and the means to the attain the same is to impose several kind of taxes from business entities and individuals.   When viewed on a wider concept, business entities also need the government in terms of regulation and protection of its interest. Without the government administering the laws on commerce, business entities would be in dangerous situation since they would be operating as if they are playing basket ball without a referee who will tell them who is wrong and who is right in case one of the teams abuses its rights. If therefore the are no government to charge regulation cost and taxes, the law will just be useless because there would be no agent to implement the same. Hence, business entities are to accept the reality of these charges and taxes and factor them in computing profits. References: Fossen   (2002) Norfolk Island and Its Tax Haven; The Australian Journal of Politics and History, Vol. 48, 2002 Goode (1951) The Corporation Income Tax; Wiley Goode (1976) The Individual Income Tax; Brookings Institution Lee   (1973) A History of Regulatory Taxation; University Press of Kentucky, 1973 Smith, et. al (1958) Income Tax Differentials; Tax Institute of America How to cite How the American Legal System and Business is impacted, Essay examples